Welcome to the I Can't Sleep podcast,
Where I help you drift off one fact at a time.
I'm your host,
Benjamin Boster,
And today's episode is about clarinets.
The clarinet is a single-reed musical instrument in the woodwind family,
With a nearly cylindrical bore and a flared bell.
Clarinets comprise a family of instruments of differing sizes and pitches.
The clarinet family is the largest woodwind family,
Ranging from the double B-flat contrabass to the A-flat piccolo.
The B-flat soprano clarinet is the most common type,
And is the instrument usually indicated by the word clarinet.
German instrument maker Johann Christoph Denner is generally credited with inventing the clarinet sometime around 1700,
By adding a register key to the chalumeau,
An earlier single-reed instrument.
Over time,
Additional keywork and airtight pads were added to improve the tone and playability.
Today,
The clarinet is a standard fixture of the orchestra and concert band,
And is used in classical music,
Military bands,
Klezmer,
Jazz,
And other styles.
The word clarinet may have entered the English language via the French clarinet,
The feminine diminutive of Old French clarin,
Or from Provençal,
Clarin,
Oboe,
Originating from the Latin root clarus,
Clear.
The word is related to Middle English clarion,
A type of trumpet,
The name of which derives from the same root.
The earliest mention of the word clarinet being used for the instrument dates to a 1710 order placed by the Duke of Gronsfeld for two instruments made by Jacob Denner.
The English form clarinet is found as early as 1733,
And the now archaic clarionet appears from 1784 until the early 20th century.
A person who plays the clarinet is called a clarinetist.
In North American English it's spelled C-L-A-R-I-N-E-T-I-S-T.
A clarinetist in the British English is spelled C-L-A-R-I-N-E-T-T-I-S-T,
Or simply a clarinet player.
The modern clarinet developed from a Baroque instrument called the chalumeau.
This instrument was similar to a recorder,
But with a single reed mouthpiece and a cylindrical bore.
Lacking a register key,
It was played mainly in its fundamental register,
With a limited range of about one and a half octaves.
It had eight finger holes,
Like a recorder,
And a written pitch range from F3 to G4.
At this time,
Contrary to modern practice,
The reed was placed in contact with the upper lip.
Around the beginning of the 18th century,
The German instrument maker Johann Christoph Denner,
Or possibly his son Jakob Denner,
Equipped a chalumeau in the alto register with two keys,
One of which enabled access to a higher register.
This second register did not begin an octave above the first,
As with other woodwind instruments.
But started an octave and a perfect fifth higher than the first.
A second key at the top extended the range of the first register to A4,
And,
Together with the register key,
To B-flat 4.
Later,
Denner lengthened the bell and provided it with a third key to extend the pitch range down to E3.
After Denner's innovations,
Other makers added keys to improve tuning and facilitate fingerings,
And the chalumeau fell into disuse.
The clarinet of the Classical period,
As used by Mozart,
Typically had five keys.
Mozart suggested extending the clarinet downwards by four semitones to C3,
Which resulted in the Basset clarinet,
That was about 18 centimeters longer,
Made first by Theodor Lotz.
In 1791,
Mozart composed the concerto for clarinet and orchestra in A major for this instrument,
With passages ranging down to C3.
By the time of Beethoven,
Circa 1780 to 1820,
The clarinet was a fixed member in the orchestra.
The number of keys was limited because their felt pads did not seal tightly.
Ivan Müller invented the stuffed pad,
Originally made of kid leather.
These,
In combination with countersunk tone holes,
Sealed the keyhole sufficiently to permit the use of an increased number of keys.
In 1812,
Müller presented a clarinet with seven finger holes and 13 keys,
Which he called clarinet omnitonic,
Since it was capable of playing in all keys.
It was no longer necessary to use differently tuned clarinets for different keys.
Müller is also considered the inventor of the metal ligature and the thumb rest.
During this period,
The typical embouchure also changed,
Orienting the mouthpiece with the reed facing downward.
This was first recommended in 1782 and became standard by the 1830s.
In the late 1830s,
German flute maker Theobald Boehm invented a ring and axle key system for the flute.
This key system was first used on the clarinet between 1839 and 1843 by the French clarinetist Hiazant-Closet,
In collaboration with instrument maker Louis-Auguste Buffet.
Their design introduced needle springs for the axles,
And the ring keys simplified some complicated fingering patterns.
The inventors called this the Boehm clarinet,
Although Boehm was not involved in its development and the system differed from the one used on the flute.
Other key systems have been developed,
Many built around modifications to the basic Boehm system,
Including the full Boehm,
Mazzeo,
McIntyre,
The Binet and Axe,
And the Reform Boehm system,
Which combined Boehm system key word with a German mouthpiece and bore.
The Albert clarinet was developed by Eugène Albert in 1848.
This model was based on the Müller clarinet,
With some changes to key work,
And was also known as the simple system.
It included a spectacle key,
Patented by Adolf Sachs,
And rollers to improve little finger movement.
After 1861,
A patented C-sharp key developed by Joseph Tyler was added to other clarinet models.
Improved versions of Albert clarinets were built in Belgium and France for export to the UK and the US.
Around 1860,
Clarinetist Carl Berman and instrument maker Georg Odensteiner developed the patented Berman-Odensteiner clarinet.
This instrument had new connecting levers,
Allowing multiple fingering options to operate some of the pads.
In the early 20th century,
The German clarinetist and clarinet maker Oskar Oehler presented a clarinet using similar fingerings to the Berman instrument,
With significantly more tone holes than the Boehm model.
The new clarinet was called the Oehler system clarinet,
Or German clarinet,
While the Boehm clarinet has since been called the French clarinet.
The French clarinet differs from the German not only in fingering but also in sound.
Richard Strauss noted that French clarinets have a flat nasal tone,
While German ones approximate the singing voice.
Among modern instruments,
The difference is smaller,
Although intonation differences persist.
The use of Oehler clarinets has continued in German and Austrian orchestras.
Today,
The Boehm system is standard everywhere,
Except in Germany and Austria,
Where the Oehler clarinet is still used.
Some contemporary Dixieland players continue to use Albert system clarinets.
The reformed Boehm system is also popular in the Netherlands.
The clarinet's cylindrical bore is the main reason for its distinctive timbre,
Which varies between the three main registers,
The Shalomo,
Clarion,
And Altissimo.
The A and B-flat clarinets have nearly the same bore and nearly identical tone quality,
Although the A typically has a slightly warmer sound.
The tone of the E-flat clarinet is brighter and can be heard through loud orchestral textures.
The bass clarinet has a characteristically deep,
Mellow sound,
And the alto clarinet sounds similar to the bass,
Though not as dark.
The production of sound by a clarinet follows these steps.
1.
The mouthpiece and reed are surrounded by the player's lips.
Which put light,
Even pressure on the reed and form an airtight seal.
Air is blown past the reed and down the instrument in the same way a flag flaps in the breeze.
The air rushing past the reed causes it to vibrate.
As air pressure from the mouth increases,
The amount the reed vibrates increases until the reed hits the mouthpiece.
The reed stays pressed against the mouthpiece until either the springiness of the reed forces it open,
Or a returning pressure wave bumps into the reed and opens it.
Each time the reed opens,
A puff of air goes through the gap,
After which the reed swings shut again.
When played loudly,
The reed can spend up to 50% of the time shut.
The puff of air or compression wave at around 3% greater pressure than the surrounding air travels down the cylindrical tube and escapes at the point where the tube opens out.
This is either the closest open hole or at the end of the tube.
2.
More than a neutral amount of air escapes from the instrument,
Which creates a slight vacuum or rarefaction in the clarinet tube.
This rarefaction wave travels back up the tube.
3.
The rarefaction is reflected off the sloping end wall of the clarinet mouthpiece.
The opening between the reed and the mouthpiece makes very little difference to the reflection of the rarefaction wave.
This is because the opening is very small compared to the size of the tube.
So almost the entire wave is reflected back down the tube,
Even if the reed is completely open at the time the wave hits.
4.
When the rarefaction wave reaches the other open end of the tube,
Air rushes in to fill the slight vacuum.
5.
A little more than a neutral amount of air enters the tube and causes a compression wave to travel back up the tube.
6.
Once the compression wave reaches the mouthpiece end of the tube,
It is reflected again back down the pipe.
However,
At this point,
Either because the compression wave bumped the reed or because the natural vibration cycle of the reed,
The gap opens and another puff of air is sent down the pipe.
5.
The original compression wave,
Now greatly reinforced by the second puff of air,
Sets off on another two trips down the pipe,
Traveling four pipe lengths in total before the cycle is repeated again.
In addition to this primary compression wave,
Other waves,
Known as harmonics,
Are created.
Harmonics are caused by factors including the imperfect wobbling and shaking of the reed.
The reed is healing the mouthpiece opening for part of the wave cycle,
Which creates a flattened section of the sound wave,
And imperfections,
Bumps and holes in the bore.
A wide variety of compression waves are created,
But only some,
Primarily the odd harmonics,
Are reinforced.
This,
In combination with the cut-off frequency,
Where a significant drop in resonance occurs,
Results in the characteristic tone of the clarinet.
The bore is cylindrical for most of the tube,
With an inner bore diameter between 0.
575 and 0.
585 inches.
But there is a subtle hourglass shape,
With the thinnest part below the junction between the upper and lower joint.
This hourglass shape,
Although invisible to the naked eye,
Helps to correct the pitch and responsiveness of the instrument.
The diameter of the bore affects the instrument's sound characteristics.
The bell at the bottom of the clarinet flares out to improve the tone and tuning of the lowest notes.
Modern standard clarinets are tuned to 440 to 442 Hz,
Concert pitches 440 Hz,
But adjusting the length of the bore can alter tuning.
For example,
To match the pitch of a larger ensemble.
Other factors that impact tuning include temperature and dynamics.
Most modern clarinets have undercut tone holes that improve intonation and sound.
Undercutting means chamfering the bottom edge of tone holes inside the bore.
Acoustically,
This makes the tone hole function as if it were larger,
But its main function is to allow the air column to follow the curve up through the tone hole,
Surface tension,
Instead of blowing past it under the increasingly directional frequencies of the upper registers.
Covering or uncovering the tone holes varies the length of the pipe,
Changing the resonant frequencies of the enclosed air column,
And hence the pitch.
The player moves between the cello-mo and clarion registers through use of the register key.
The open register key stops the fundamental frequency from being reinforced,
Making the reed vibrate at three times the frequency,
Which produces a note a twelfth above the original note.
The fixed reed and fairly uniform diameter of the clarinet result in an acoustical performance approximating that of a cylindrical stopped pipe.
Recorders use a tapered internal bore to overblow at the octave when the thumb register hole is pinched open,
While the clarinet,
With its cylindrical bore,
Overblows at the twelfth.
The low cello-mo register plays fundamentals,
But the clarion second register plays the third harmonics,
A perfect twelfth higher than the fundamentals.
The first several notes of the altissimo third range,
Aided by the register key and venting with the first left-hand hole,
Play the fifth harmonics,
A perfect twelfth plus a major sixth above the fundamentals.
The fifth and seventh harmonics are also available,
Sounding a further sixth and fourth,
A flat diminished fifth,
Higher respectively.
These are the notes of the altissimo register.
The lip position and pressure,
Shaping of the vocal tract,
Choice of reed and mouthpiece,
Amount of air pressure created,
And evenness of the airflow,
Account for most of the player's ability to control the tone of a clarinet.
Their vocal tract will be shaped to resonate at frequencies associated with the tone being produced.
Vibrato,
A pulsating change of pitch,
Is rare in classical literature.
However,
Certain performers,
Such as Richard Stoltzmann,
Uses vibrato in classical music.
Other effects are glissando,
Growling,
Trumpet sounds,
Double tongue,
Flutter tongue,
And circular breathing.
Special lip bending may be used to play microtonal intervals.
There have also been efforts to create a quarter-tone clarinet.
Clarinet bodies have been made from a variety of materials,
Including wood,
Plastic,
Hard rubber or ebonite,
Metal,
And ivory.
The vast majority of wooden clarinets are made from African blackwood,
Grenadilla,
Or more uncommonly,
Honduran rosewood or cocobolo.
Historically,
Other woods,
Particularly boxwood and ebony,
Were used.
Since the mid-20th century,
Clarinets,
Particularly student or band models,
Are also made from plastics,
Such as acrylonitrile butadiene styrene,
ABS.
One of the first such blends of plastic was resinite,
A term originally trademarked by Selmer.
The Greenline model by Bouffey-Crampon is made from a composite of resin and the African blackwood powder left over from the manufacture of wooden clarinets.
Metal soprano clarinets were popular in the late 19th century,
Particularly for military use.
Metal is still used for the bodies of some contralto and contrabass clarinets,
And the necks and bells of nearly all alto and larger clarinets.
Mouthpieces are generally made of hard rubber,
Although some inexpensive mouthpieces may be made of plastic.
Other materials,
Such as glass,
Wood,
Ivory,
And metal,
Have also been used.
Ligatures are often made of metal and tightened using one or more adjustment screws.
Other materials include plastic,
String,
Or fabric.
The clarinet uses a single reed made from the cane of a rondo donax.
Reeds may also be manufactured from synthetic materials.
The ligature fastens the reed to the mouthpiece.
When air is blown through the opening between the reed and the mouthpiece facing,
The reed vibrates and produces the clarinet's sound.
Most players buy manufactured reeds,
Although many make adjustments to these reeds.
And some make their own reeds from cane blanks.
Reeds come in varying degrees of hardness,
Generally indicated on the scale from 1 soft through 5 hard.
This numbering system is not standardized.
Reeds with the same number often vary in hardness across manufacturers and models.
Reed and mouthpiece characteristics work together to determine ease of playability and tonal characteristics.
The reed is attached to the mouthpiece by the ligature,
And the top half inch or so of this assembly is held in the player's mouth.
In the past,
String was used to bind the reed to the mouthpiece.
The formation of the mouth around the mouthpiece and reed is called the embouchure.
The reed is on the underside of the mouthpiece,
Pressing against the player's lower lip,
While the top teeth normally contact the top of the mouthpiece.
Some players roll the upper lip under the top teeth to form what is called a double lip embouchure.
Adjustments in the strength and shape of the embouchure change the tone and intonation.
Players sometimes relieve the pressure on the upper teeth and inner lower lip by attaching a pad to the top of the mouthpiece or putting temporary cushioning on the lower teeth.
The mouthpiece attaches to the barrel.
Tuning can be adjusted by using barrels of varying lengths or by pulling at the barrel to increase the instrument's length.
On basset horns and lower clarinets,
There is a curved metal neck instead of a barrel.
The main body of most clarinets has an upper joint,
Whose mechanism is mostly operated by the left hand,
And a lower joint mostly operated by the right hand.
Some clarinets have a one-piece body.
The modern soprano clarinet has numerous tone holes.
Seven are covered with the fingertips,
And the rest are operated using a set of 17 keys.
The most common system of keys was named the Böhm system by its designer,
Yves-Anthes Closet,
After flute designer Theobald Böhm.
But it is not the same as the Böhm system used on flutes.
The other main key system is the Erler system,
Which is used mostly in Germany and Austria.
The related Albert system is used by some jazz,
Klutzmer,
And eastern European folk musicians.
The Albert and Erler systems are both based on the early Müller system.
The cluster of keys at the bottom of the upper joint,
Protruding slightly beyond the cork of the joint,
Are known as the trill keys and are operated by the right hand.
The entire weight of the smaller clarinets is supported by the right thumb behind the lower joint on what is called the thumb rest.
Larger clarinets are supported with a neck strap or a floor peg.
Below the main body is a flared end known as the bell.
The bell does not amplify the sound but improves the uniformity of the instrument's tone for the lowest notes in each register.
For the other notes,
The sound is produced almost entirely at the tone holes and the bell is irrelevant.
On basset horns and larger clarinets,
The bell curves up and forward and is usually made of metal.
In the 1930s,
Some clarinets were manufactured with filled plateau keys,
But they were expensive and had issues with sound quality.
They were designed for use in cold weather,
Allowing gloves to be worn,
For saxophone or flute players,
And for players with certain physical requirements.
Clarinets have the largest pitch range of common woodwinds.
The range of a clarinet is usually divided into three registers.
The low shellamo register extends from the notated E3,
C3 if available,
To the notated Bb4.
The middle clarion register covers a little more than an octave,
From the written B4 to C6.
The high altissimo register consists of the notes above it.
The three registers have characteristically different sounds.
The shellamo is full and dark,
The clarion register is brighter and sweet,
Like a high trumpet from a distance,
And the altissimo can be piercing and sometimes shrill.
Initially,
Only C clarinets were available,
But soon clarinets in Bb and A and the basset horn in F and G were developed.
From the 19th century to the middle of the 20th century,
An extensive family of clarinets developed,
From high Ab to subcontrabass.
Apart from the clarinets tuned in C,
C soprano clarinet and basset clarinet in C,
All clarinets are transposing instruments.
The instruments above the C clarinet sound higher than notated,
Such as the aforementioned Ab clarinet,
A sixth higher.
The longer instruments sound lower,
Such as the Bb clarinet by one tone,
And the Bb contrabass clarinet by two octaves and one tone.
The modern orchestra frequently includes two clarinets,
Each usually equipped with a Bb and an A clarinet,
And clarinet parts commonly alternate between the instruments.
The standard of using soprano clarinets in Bb and A has to do partly with the history of the instrument,
And partly with acoustics and aesthetics.
Before about 1800,
Due to the lack of airtight pads,
Practical woodwinds could have only a few keys.
The low Shalomo register of the clarinet spans a twelfth,
An octave plus a perfect fifth,
Before overblowing,
So the clarinet needs keys or holes to produce all 19 notes in this range.
This involves more key work than on instruments that overblow at the octave.
Oboes,
Flutes,
Bassoons,
And saxophones need only 12 notes before overblowing.
Since clarinets with few keys cannot play chromatically,
They are limited to playing in closely related keys.
With the advent of airtight pads and improved key technology,
More keys were added to woodwinds,
And the need for clarinets in multiple keys was reduced.
The use of instruments in C,
Bb,
And A persisted,
With each used as specified by the composer.
The lower-pitched clarinets sound mellower,
Less bright,
And the C clarinet,
The highest and brightest sounding of these three,
Fell out of favor as the other two could cover its range,
And their sound was considered better.
While the clarinet in C began to fall out of general use around 1850,
Some composers continued to write C parts.
Others employed many different clarinets,
Including the E-flat or D soprano clarinets,
Passant horn,
Bass clarinet,
And contrabass clarinet.
The practice of using different clarinets to achieve tonal variety was common in 20th-century classical music.
While technical improvements and an equal-tempered scale reduced the need for two clarinets,
The technical difficulty of playing in remote keys persisted,
And the A has remained a standard orchestral instrument.
Common combinations involving clarinet and chamber music are clarinet and piano clarinet trio clarinet,
Piano,
And another instrument for example,
A string instrument clarinet quartet three Bb clarinets and bass clarinet two Bb clarinets,
Alto clarinet,
And bass two Bb,
An Eb,
Alto clarinet,
And a Bb bass clarinet sometimes four Bb sopranos and other possibilities such as the use of a basset horn,
Especially in European classical works clarinet quintet the clarinet plus a string quartet or,
In more contemporary music,
A configuration of five clarinets wind quintet flute,
Oboe,
Clarinet,
Bassoon,
And horn the Ab clarinet,
Bb clarinet,
Alto clarinet,
Bass clarinet,
And contralto-contrabass clarinet are commonly used in concert bands,
Which generally have multiple Bb clarinets there are commonly three or even four Bb clarinet parts,
With two to three players per part the clarinet is also used in military bands author Eric Herperich suggests that it was the role of the clarinet in the military band that ultimately provided the key to its future popularity since it was particularly suited to the ensemble clarinet choir contains many clarinets playing together usually including several members of the clarinet family this ensemble first emerged in 1927 the homogeneity of tone across the different members of the clarinet family produces an effect with some similarities to a human choir parts for non-clarinets,
Such as voice or French horn,
Are sometimes included in the repertoire
