Labyrinth | Can’t Sleep? Learn About The Mythical Maze

Labyrinths have fascinated people for thousands of years, appearing in mythology, religion, art, and architecture across many cultures. This episode explores what labyrinths are, how they differ from mazes, their connection to the legend of the Minotaur, and the many ways they have been used throughout history. Along the way, you’ll hear about ancient designs, medieval cathedral labyrinths, symbolic journeys, and modern walking labyrinths.

It’s steady and consistent, with no whispering and no sudden changes, just enough to give your mind something to follow as you wind down. Happy sleeping!

Transcript

Welcome to the I Can't Sleep Podcast, Where I help you drift off one fact at a time. I'm your host Benjamin Boster, And today's episode is about labyrinths. In Greek mythology, The labyrinth is an elaborate, Confusing structure designed and built by the mythological artifice Redidulus for King Minos of Crete at Knossos. Its function was to hold the Minotaur, The monster eventually killed by the hero Theseus. Daedalus had so cunningly made the labyrinth that he could barely escape it after he built it. Although early Cretan coins occasionally exhibit branching multi-cursal patterns, The single-path unicursal seven-course classical design without branching or dead ends became associated with the labyrinths on coins as early as 430 BC. And similar non-branching patterns became widely used as visual representations of the labyrinths, Even though both logical and literary descriptions make it clear that the Minotaur was trapped in a complex branching maze. Even as the designs became more elaborate, Visual depictions of the mythological labyrinths from the Roman era until the Renaissance are almost invariably universal. Branching mazes were reintroduced only when hedge mazes became popular during the Renaissance. In English, The term labyrinth is generally synonymous with maze. As a result of the long history of unicursal representation of the mythological labyrinth, However, Many contemporary scholars and enthusiasts observe a distinction between the two. In this specialized usage, Maze refers to a complex branching multi-cursal puzzle with choices of path and direction, While a unicursal labyrinth has only a single path to the center. A labyrinth in this sense has an unambiguous route to the center and back, And presents no navigational challenge. Unicursal labyrinths appeared as designs on pottery or basketry, As body art, And in etchings on walls of caves or churches. The Romans created many primarily decorative unicursal designs on walls and floors, In tile or mosaic. Many labyrinths set in floors or on the ground are large enough that the path can be walked. Unicursal patterns have been used historically both in group ritual and for private meditation, And are increasingly found for therapeutic use in hospitals and hospices. Labyrinth is a word of pre-Greek origin whose derivation and meaning are uncertain. Maximilian Mayer suggested in 1892 that labyrinthus might derive from labrys, A Lydian word for double-bladed axe. Arthur Evans, Who excavated the Minoan palace of Knossos in Crete early in the 20th century, Suggested that the ruins there inspired the story of the labyrinths, And since the double axe motif appears in the palace ruins, He asserted that labyrinths could be understood to mean the house of the double axe. The same symbol, However, Was discovered in other palaces in Crete. Nilsson observed that in Crete the double axe is not a weapon, And always accompanies goddesses who are women, And not a male god. Pliny's natural history gives four examples of ancient labyrinths. The Cretan labyrinths, An Egyptian labyrinth, A Lemnian labyrinth, And an Italian labyrinth. These are all complex underground structures, And this appears to have been the standard classical understanding of the word. When the Bronze Age site at Knossos was excavated by archaeologist Arthur Evans, The complexity of the architecture prompted him to suggest that the palace had been the labyrinths of Daedalus. Evans found various bull motifs, Including an image of a man leaping over the horns of a bull, As well as depictions of labras carved into the walls. On the strength of a passage in the Iliad, It has been suggested that the palace was the site of a dancing ground made by Ariadne by the craftsman Daedalus, Where young men and women of the age of those sent to Crete as prey for the Minotaur would dance together. By extension and popular legend, The palace is associated with the myth of the Minotaur. In the 2000s, Archaeologists explored other potential sites of the labyrinth. Oxford University geographer Nicholas Howarth believes that Evans' hypothesis that the Palace of Gnosis is also the labyrinth must be treated skeptically. Howarth and his team conducted a search of an underground complex known as the Skotano Cave, But concluded that it was formed naturally. Another contender is a series of tunnels at Gorton, Accessed by a narrow crack, But expanding into interlinking caverns. Unlike the Scortino cave, These caverns have smooth walls and columns, And appear to have been at least partially human made. This site corresponds to a labyrinth symbol on a 16th century map of Creed, And a book of maps in the library of Christ Church, Oxford. A map of the caves themselves was produced by the French in 1821. Howarth's investigation was shown on a documentary produced for the National Geographic Channel. In Book 2 of his histories, Herodotus applies the term labyrinth to a building complex in Egypt near the place called the City of Crocodiles that he considered to surpass the pyramids. The structure, Which may have been a collection of funerary temples, Such as are commonly found near Egyptian pyramids, Was destroyed in antiquity and can only be partially reconstructed. During the 19th century, The remains of this ancient Egyptian structure were discovered at Hawera in Fayyumaweshus by Flinders Petrie. At the foot of the pyramid of the 12th dynasty pharaoh Amenhotep III. Reigned circa 1860 BC to circa 1814 BC. Pliny the Elder's natural history lists the legendary Smilus, Reputed to be a contemporary of Daedalus, Together with the historical mid-6th century BC architects and sculptors Rhochus and Theodorus, As two of the makers of the Lemnian labyrinth. According to Pliny, The tomb of Lars Porsena contained an underground maze. Pliny's description of the exposed portion of the tomb is intractable. Pliny, It seems clear, Had not observed this structure himself, But is quoting the historian and Roman antiquarian Varro. A design essentially identical to the seven-course classical pattern appears in the Tonoho-Aresho culture of the Sonoran Desert. It features Itoi, The man in the maze. The Tonoho Arishen pattern has two distinct differences from the classical. It is radial in design, And the entrance is at the top, Where classical labyrinths have the entrance at the bottom. The earliest appearances cannot be dated securely. The oldest is commonly dated to the 17th century. Unsubstantiated claims have been made for the early appearance of labyrinth figures in India, Such as a prehistoric petroglyph on a riverbank in Goa, Purportedly dating to circa 2500 BC. Other examples have been found among cave art in northern India and on a dolmen shrine in the Nilgiri Mountains, But are difficult to date accurately. Securely dateable examples begin to appear only around 250 BC. Early labyrinths in India typically follow the classical pattern, Or a local variant of it. Some have been described as plans of forts or cities. Labyrinths appear in Indian manuscripts from the 17th century onward. They are often called Chakravyuha in reference to an impregnable battle formation, Described in the ancient Mahabharata epic. Lanka, The capital city of mythic Ravana, Is described as a labyrinth in the 1910 translation of Al-Biruni's India. By the White Sea, Notably in the Solovetsky Islands, There have been preserved more than 30 stone labyrinths. The most remarkable monument is the stone labyrinth of Bolshoi Zahadsky Island, A group of some 13 stone labyrinths on 0. 4 square kilometer area of one small island. Local archaeologists have speculated that these labyrinths may be 2, 000 to 3, 000 years old, Though most researchers remain dubious. The seven-course classical or Cretan pattern, Known from Cretan coins, Circa 400-200 BC, Appears in several examples from antiquity, Some perhaps as early as the Late Stone Age or Early Bronze Age. Roman floor mosaics typically unite four copies of the classical labyrinth, Or a similar pattern, Interlinked around the center, Squared off as the medium requires, But still recognizable. An image of the Minotaur, Or an allusion to the legend of the Minotaur, Appears at the center of many of these mosaic labyrinths. The four-axis medieval patterns may have developed from the Roman model, But are more varied in how the four quadrants of the design are traced out. The minotaur or other danger is retained in the center of several medieval examples. The Chartres pattern, Named for its appearance in the Chartres Cathedral, Is a most common medieval design. It appears in manuscripts as early as the 9th century. When the early humanist Benso d'Alessandria visited Verona before 1310, He noted the labyrinthum which is now called the arena. Perhaps he was seeing the cubicle beneath the arena's missing floor. The full flowering of the medieval labyrinths came about from the 12th through 14th centuries, With the grand pavement labyrinths of the Gothic cathedrals, Notably Chartres, Reims, And Amiens in northern France. The symbolism or purpose behind these is unclear and may have varied from one installation to the next. Descriptions survive of French clerics performing a ritual Easter dance along the pass on Easter Sunday. Some labyrinths may have originated as allusions to the Holy City. And some modern writers have theorized that prayers and devotions may have accompanied their perambulations of their intricate paths. Although some books, In particular guidebooks, Suggest that the mazes on cathedral floors served as substitutes for pilgrimage paths, The earliest attested use of the phrase, Paths to Jerusalem, Dates to the late 18th century, When it was used to describe mazes at Reims and Saint-Omer. The accompanying ritual, Depicted in romantic illustrations as involving pilgrims following the maize on their knees while praying, May have been practiced at Chartres during the 17th century. The cathedral labyrinths are thought to be the inspiration for the many turf mazes in the UK, Such as Survive at Wing Hilton Opera and Saffron Walden. Over the same general period, Some 500 or more non-ecclesiastical labyrinths were constructed in Scandinavia. These labyrinths, Generally in coastal areas, Are marked out with stones, Most often in the simple 7 or 11 cores classical forms. They often have names which translate as Troytown. They are thought to have been constructed by fishing communities. Trapping malevolent trolls or winds in the labyrinth's coils might ensure a safe fishing expedition. There are also stone labyrinths on the Isle of Scilly, Although none is known to date from before the 19th century. There are examples of labyrinths in many disparate cultures. The symbol has appeared in various forms in media, Petroglyphs, Classic form, Medieval form, Pavement, Turf, And basketry at some time throughout most parts of the world, From native North and South America to Australia, Java, India, And Nepal. Starting in the late 20th century, There has been a resurgence of interest in labyrinths and a revival in labyrinth building of both unicursal and multicursal patterns. Approximately 6, 000 labyrinths have been registered with the World Wide Labyrinths Locator. These are located around the world in private properties, Libraries, Schools, Gardens, And recreational areas, As well as famous temples and cathedrals. Mark Wallinger has created a set of 270 enamel plaques of Unicursal Labyrinth designs, One for every tube station in the London Underground, To mark the 150th anniversary of the Underground. The plaques were installed over a 16-month period in 2013 and 2014, And each is numbered according to its position in the route taken by the contestants in the 2009 Guinness World Record Tube Challenge. Prehistoric labyrinths may have served as traps for malevolent spirits or as paths for ritual dances. Many Roman and Christian labyrinths appear at the entrances of buildings, Suggesting that they may have served a similar apotropaic purpose. And their cross-cultural study of signs and symbols, Patterns that connect. Carl Schuster and Edmund Carpenter present various forms of the labyrinth and suggest various possible meanings, Including not only a sacred path to the home of a sacred ancestor, But also perhaps a representation of the ancestor him or herself. Many New World Indians who make the labyrinths regard it as a sacred symbol, A beneficial ancestor, A deity. In this they may be preserving its original meaning, The ultimate ancestor here evoked by two continuous lines joining its twelve primary joints. Schuster also observes a common theme of the labyrinths being a refuge for a trickster. In India, The demon Ravana has dominion over labyrinths. The trickster Junaha lives in a labyrinth, According to Sumatran Bhattaks. And Europeans say it is the home of a rogue. One can think of labyrinths as symbolic of pilgrimage. People walking the path ascend toward salvation or enlightenment. Mystical teachings and traditions across centuries suggest that they may also be understood as coded maps of the spiritual path. Labyrinth walking is a form of active meditation in which one navigates the labyrinth for meditative or therapeutic purposes. Modern labyrinths have been built in places of rehabilitation, Such as prisons and hospitals, To be used in this way. While this activity is often connected with a religious practice, It has been introduced into medical settings for spiritual and secular usage alike. Some faith-based researchers have claimed that labyrinth walking can help calm the mind and guide people through internal growth, While secular studies regarding its effectiveness in reducing stress are still ongoing. Labyrinths have, On various occasions, Been used in Christian tradition as a part of worship. The earliest known example is from a 4th century pavement at the Basilica of St. Reparatus at Orleansville, Algeria, With the words Sancta Ecclesia at the center, Though it is unclear how it might have been used in worship. In medieval times, Labyrinths began to appear on church walls and floors around 1000 AD. The most famous medieval labyrinth, With great influence on later practice, Was created in Chartres Cathedral. The use of labyrinths has recently been revived in some contexts of Christian worship. Many churches in Europe and North America have constructed permanent, Typically unicursal labyrinths, Or employ temporary ones, E. G. Painted on canvas or outlined with candles. For example, A labyrinth was set up on the floor of St. Paul's Cathedral for a week in March 2000. Labyrinths and mazes have been embraced by the video game industry, And countless video games include such a feature. For example, The 1994 video game Marathon features many maze-like passages the player must navigate. A number of film, Game, And music creations feature labyrinths. For instance, The avant-garde multi-screen film, In the Labyrinth, Presents a search for meaning in a symbolic modern labyrinth. The well-received 2006 film, Pan's Labyrinth, Draws heavily upon Labyrinth's legend for symbolism. A magical labyrinth appears in the third episode and the horns of a dilemma of the librarians. The cult classic film by Jim Henson, Labyrinth's 1986 film, Features an enormous otherworldly maze, Which a young woman must traverse to save her younger brother. The Argentine writer, Jorge Luis Borges, Was entranced with the idea of the labyrinth, And used it extensively in his short stories, Such as the House of Asturian and the Aleph. His use of it has inspired other authors. Additionally, Roger Zelazny's fantasy series The Chronicles of Amber features a labyrinth called The Pattern, Which grants those who walk it the power to move between parallel worlds. In Rick Riordan's series Percy Jackson and the Olympians, The events of the fourth novel, The Battle of the Labyrinths, Predominantly take place within the Labyrinth of Daedalus, Which has followed the heart of the West to settle beneath the United States. Ursula Gwyn used an underground labyrinth in the second book of her Earthsea series, The Tombs of Atuan, In which the series' hero Ged is captured by the book's protagonist Tenar on his trip to the Kargish Empire. The spiritual power of the Nameless Ones is vested at least in part in the labyrinth. Australian author Sarah Douglas incorporated some labyrinthine ideas in her series, The Troy Game, In which the labyrinth on Crete is one of several in the ancient world, Created with the cities as a source of magical power. Laurence Durrell's The Dark Labyrinths depicts travelers trapped underground in Crete. Because a labyrinth can serve as a metaphor for situations that are difficult to be extricated from. Octavio Paz titled his book on Mexican identity, The Labyrinth of Solitude, Describing the Mexican condition as orphaned and lost.

Reviews

yep, i slept. thanks for doing what you do!! this one joins my recent faves along with the episode on silk.

Another good one, Ben! I love to walk a labyrinth. But not a maze so much. I find mazes scary and frustrating. Interesting to learn about the origin of the word. Thanks so much!!