Laughter – Nature’s Sleepy Time Soundtrack

Laughter: the best medicine, or just your brain short-circuiting in a socially acceptable way? We explore its origins, why it’s contagious, and whether it can actually help you sleep. Spoiler: it can, but probably not while listening to this episode.

Transcript

Welcome to the I Can't Sleep Podcast,

Where I bore you to sleep with my soothing voice.

I'm your host,

Benjamin Boster.

In today's episode,

We'll be learning about laughter.

Laughter is a pleasant physical reaction and emotion consisting usually of rhythmical,

Usually audible contractions of the diaphragm and other parts of the respiratory system.

It is a response to certain external or internal stimuli.

Laughter can rise from such activities as being tickled,

Or from humorous stories,

Imagery,

Videos,

Or thoughts.

Most commonly,

It is considered an auditory expression of a number of positive emotional states,

Such as joy,

Mirth,

Happiness,

Or relief.

On some occasions,

However,

It may be caused by contrary emotional states such as embarrassment,

Surprise,

Or confusion such as nervous laughter or courtesy laugh.

Age,

Gender,

Education,

Language,

And culture are all indicators as to whether a person will experience laughter in a given situation.

Other than humans,

Some other species of primates like chimpanzees,

Gorillas,

And orangutans show laughter-like vocalizations in response to physical contact,

Such as wrestling,

Play chasing,

Or tickling.

Laughter is a part of human behavior regulated by the brain,

Helping humans clarify their intentions in social interaction and providing an emotional context to conversations.

Laughter is used as a signal for being part of a group.

It signals acceptance and positive interactions with others.

Laughter is sometimes seen as contagious,

And the laughter of one person can itself provoke laughter from others as a positive feedback.

The study of humor and laughter and its psychological and physiological effects on the human body is called Gelatology.

Laughter might be thought of as an audible expression or appearance of excitement,

An inward feeling of joy and happiness.

It may ensue from jokes,

Tickling,

And other stimuli completely unrelated to psychological state such as nitrous oxide.

One group of researchers speculated that noises from infants as early as 16 days old may be vocal laughing sounds or laughter.

However,

The weight of the evidence supports the appearance of such sounds at 15 weeks to four months of age.

Laughter researcher Robert Brovine said,

Laughter is a mechanism everyone has.

Laughter is part of universal human vocabulary.

There are thousands of languages,

Hundreds of thousands of dialects,

But everyone speaks laughter in pretty much the same way.

Babies have the ability to laugh before they ever speak.

Children who are born blind and deaf still retain the ability to laugh.

Brovine argues that laughter is primitive,

An unconscious vocalization.

Brovine argues that it probably is genetic.

In a study of the Giggle twins,

Two happy twins who were separated at birth and only reunited 43 years later,

Brovine reports that until they met each other,

Neither of these exceptionally happy ladies had known anyone who laughed as much as they did.

They reported this even though they had been brought together by their adoptive parents,

Who they indicated were undemonstrative and dour.

He indicates that the twins inherited some aspects of their laugh sound and pattern,

Readiness to laugh,

And maybe even taste and humor.

Scientists have noted that similarity in form is of laughter induced by tickling among various primates,

Which suggests that laughter derives from a common origin among primate species.

The spotted hyena,

Another species of animal,

Was also known as the laughing hyena because of the way it sounds when it communicates.

A very rare neurological condition has been observed whereby the sufferer is unable to laugh out loud,

A condition known as aphenogilia.

Neurophysiology indicates that laughter is linked with the activation of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex that produces endorphins.

Scientists have shown that parts of the limbic system are involved in laughter.

This system is involved in emotions and helps us with functions necessary for human survival.

The structures in the limbic system that are involved in laughter are the hippocampus and the amygdala.

The December 7th,

1984 Journal of the American Medical Association describes the neurological causes of laughter as follows.

Although there is no known laugh center in the brain,

Its neural mechanism has been the subject of much,

Albeit unconclusive,

Speculation.

It is evident that its expression depends on neural paths arising in close association with the telencephalic and diencephalic centers concerned with respiration.

Wilson considered the mechanism to be in the region of the mesothalamus,

Hypothalamus,

And subthalamus.

Kelly and co-workers,

In turn,

Postulated that the tegmentum near the periaqueductal gray contains the integrating mechanism for emotional expression.

Thus,

Supernuclear pathways,

Including those from the limbic system that Pappas hypothesized to mediate emotional expression,

Such as laughter,

Probably come into synaptic relation in the reticular core of the brainstem.

So,

While purely emotional responses,

Such as laughter,

Are mediated by subcortical structures,

Especially the hypothalamus,

And are stereotyped,

The cerebral cortex can modulate or suppress them.

A link between laughter and healthy function of blood vessels was first reported in 2005 by researchers at the University of Maryland Medical Center,

With the fact that laughter causes the dilation of the inner lining of blood vessels,

The endothelium,

And increases blood flow.

Doctors Michael Miller,

University of Maryland,

And William Fry,

Stanford,

Theorized that beta endorphin-like compounds released by the hypothalamus activate receptors on the endothelial surface to release nitric oxide,

Therefore resulting in dilation of vessels.

Other cardioprotective properties of nitric oxide include reduction of inflammation and decreased platelet aggregation.

Laughter has various proven beneficial biochemical effects.

It has been shown to lead to reductions in stress hormones,

Such as cortisol and epinephrine.

When laughing,

The brain releases endorphins that can relieve some physical pain.

Laughter also boosts the number of antibody-producing cells and enhances the effectiveness of T-cells,

Leading to a stronger immune system.

A 2000 study found that people with heart disease were 40% less likely to laugh and be able to recognize humor in a variety of situations,

Compared to people of the same age without heart disease.

Anecdotally,

Journalist and author Norman Cousins developed in 1964 a treatment program for his ankylosing spondylitis and collagen disease,

Consisting of large doses of vitamin C alongside laughter induced by comic films,

Including those of the Marx Brothers.

I made the joyous discovery that 10 minutes of genuine belly laughter had an anesthetic effect and would give me at least two hours of pain-free sleep,

He reported.

When the pain-killing effect of the laughter wore off,

He would switch on the motion picture projector again and,

Not infrequently,

It would lead to another pain-free interval.

A number of studies using methods of conversation analysis and discourse analysis have documented the systematic workings of laughter in a variety of interactions,

From the causal conversations to interviews,

Meetings,

And therapy sessions.

Working with recorded interactions,

Researchers have created detailed transcripts that indicate not only the presence of laughter,

But also features of its production and placement.

These studies challenge several widely held assumptions about the nature of laughter.

Contrary to notions that it is spontaneous and involuntary,

Research documents that laughter is sequentially organized and precisely placed relative to surrounding talk.

Far more than merely a response to humor,

Laughter often works to manage delicate and serious moments.

More than simply an external behavior caused by an interstate,

Laughter is highly communicative and helps accomplish actions and regulate relationships.

Common causes for laughter are sensations of joy and humor.

However,

Other situations may cause laughter as well.

A general theory that explains laughter is called the relief theory.

Sigmund Freud summarized it in his theory that laughter releases tension and psychic energy.

This theory is one of the justifications of the beliefs that laughter is beneficial for one's health.

This theory explains why laughter can be used as a coping mechanism when one is upset,

Angry,

Or sad.

Philosopher John Morial theorizes that human laughter may have its biological origins as a kind of shared expression of relief at the passing of danger.

Friedrich Nietzsche,

By contrast,

Suggested laughter to be a reaction to the sense of existential loneliness and mortality that only humans feel.

For example,

A joke creates an inconsistency and the audience automatically tries to understand what the inconsistency means.

If they are successful in solving this cognitive riddle and they realize that the surprise was not dangerous,

They laugh with relief.

Otherwise,

If the inconsistency is not resolved,

There is no laugh.

As Mack Sennett pointed out,

When the audience is confused,

It doesn't laugh.

This is one of the basic laws of a comedian,

Referred to as exactness.

It is important to note that sometimes the inconsistency may be resolved and there may still be no laugh.

Because laughter is a social mechanism,

An audience may not feel as if they are in danger and the laugh may not occur.

In addition,

The extent of the inconsistency and aspects of its timing and rhythm has to do with the amount of danger the audience feels and how hard or long they laugh.

Laughter can also be brought on by tickling.

Although most people find it unpleasant,

Being tickled often causes heavy laughter,

Thought to be an often uncontrollable reflex of the body.

A normal laugh has the structure of ha-ha-ha or ho-ho-ho.

It is unnatural and one is physically unable to have a laugh structure of ha-ho-ha-ho.

The usual variations of laugh most often occur in the first or final note in a sequence.

Therefore,

Ho-ha-ha or ha-ha-ho laughs are possible.

Normal note durations with unusually long or short inner note intervals do not happen due to the result of the limitations of our vocal cords.

This basic structure allows one to recognize a laugh despite individual variants.

It has also been determined that eyes moisten during laughter as a reflex for the tear glands.

Laughter is not always a pleasant experience and is associated with several negative phenomena.

Excessive laughter can lead to cataplexy and unpleasant laughter spells,

Excessive elation,

And fits of laughter can all be considered negative aspects of laughter.

Unpleasant laughter spells or sham mirth usually occur in people who have a neurological condition,

Including patients with pseudobulbar palsy,

Multiple sclerosis,

And Parkinson's disease.

These patients appear to be laughing out of amusement but report that they are feeling undesirable sensations at the time of the punchline.

Excessive elation is a common symptom associated with bipolar disorder,

Psychosis,

And mania hypomania.

Those with schizophrenic psychosis seem to experience the opposite.

They do not understand humor or get any joy out of it.

A fit describes an abnormal time when one cannot control the laughter over one's body,

Sometimes leading to seizures or a brief period of unconsciousness.

Some believe that fits of laughter represent a form of epilepsy.

Laughter has been used as a therapeutic tool for many years because it is a natural form of medicine.

Laughter is available to everyone and it provides benefits to a person's physical,

Emotional,

And social well-being.

Some of the benefits of using laughter therapy are that it can relieve stress and relax the whole body.

It can also boost the immune system and release endorphins to relieve pain.

Additionally,

Laughter can help prevent heart disease by increasing blood flow and improving the function of blood vessels.

Some of the emotional benefits include diminishing anxiety or fear,

Improving overall mood,

And adding joy to one's life.

Laughter is also known to reduce allergic reactions in a preliminary study related to dust mite allergy sufferers.

Laughter therapy also has some social benefits such as strengthening relationships,

Improving teamwork and reducing conflicts,

And making oneself more attractive to others.

Therefore,

Whether a person is trying to cope with a terminal illness or just trying to manage their stress or anxiety levels,

Laughter therapy can be a significant enhancement of their life.

Raymond Mora Ripple,

On his study on the therapeutic value of laughter in medicine,

Stated that laughter therapy is an inexpensive and simple tool that can be used in patient care.

It is a tool that is only beneficial when experienced and shared.

Caregivers need to recognize the importance of laughter and possess the right attitude to pass it on.

He went on to say that since this type of therapy is not widely practiced,

Health care providers will have to learn how to effectively use it.

In another survey,

Researchers looked at how occupational therapists and other caregivers viewed and used humor with patients as a means of therapy.

Many agreed that while they believed it was beneficial for the patients,

The proper training was lacking in order to effectively use it.

Even though laughter and humor has been used therapeutically in medical conditions,

According to Mora Ripple,

There was not enough data to clearly establish that laughter could be used as an overall means of healing.

It did suggest that additional research was still needed since well-designed randomized controlled trials have not been conducted to date,

Validating the therapeutic efficacy of laughter.

In 2017,

An institution in Japan conducted an open-label randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effects of laughter therapy on quality of life in patients with cancer.

The study used laughter yoga,

Comedy,

Clown,

And jokes.

The results showed that laughter therapy was helpful in improving quality of life and cancer symptoms in some areas for cancer survivors.

Improvements were seen in the area of depression,

Anxiety,

And stress levels.

There were limited harmful side effects.

Laughter therapy should be used in conjunction with other cancer treatment.

Laughter in literature,

Although considered understudied by some,

Is a subject that has received attention in the written word for millennia.

The use of humor in laughter in literary works,

For example the Homeric laughter,

Unceasing laughter in Greek epics like the Iliad and Odyssey,

Has been studied and analyzed by many thinkers and writers from the ancient Greek philosophers onward.

Henri Bergson's Laughter,

An essay on the meaning of the comic,

Is a notable 20th century contribution.

For Herodotus,

Laughters can be distinguished into three types.

Those who are innocent of wrongdoing but ignorant of their own vulnerability.

Those who are mad.

Those who are overconfident.

According to Donald Ladner,

Herodotus reports about laughter for valid literary and historiological reasons.

Herodotus believes either that both nature,

Better the God's direction of it,

And human nature coincide sufficiently,

Or that the latter is but an aspect or analog of the former,

So that to the recipient the outcome is suggested.

When reporting laughter,

Herodotus does so in the conviction that it tells the reader something about the future and or the character of the person laughing.

It is also in this sense that it is not coincidental that in about 80% of the times when Herodotus speaks about laughter,

It is followed by a retribution.

Men whose laughter deserves report are marked because laughter connotes scornful disdain,

Disdain-feeling of superiority,

And this feeling and the actions which stem from it attract the wrath of the gods.

There is a wide range of experiences with laughter.

A 1999 study by two humor researchers asked 80 people to keep a daily laughter record,

And found they laughed on average of 18 times per day.

However,

Their study also found a wide range,

With some people laughing as many as 89 times per day,

And others laughing as few as zero times per day.

Thomas Hobbes wrote,

The passion of laughter is nothing else but sudden glory arising from sudden conception of some eminency in ourselves by comparison with the infirmity of others,

Or with our own formerly.

Philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer devotes the thirteenth chapter of the first part of his major work,

The Word as Will and Representation,

To laughter.

Friedrich Nietzsche distinguishes two different purposes for the use of laughter.

In a positive sense,

Man uses the comical as a therapy against the restraining jacket of logic,

Morality,

And reason.

He needs from time to time a harmless demotion from reason and hardship,

And in this sense laughter has a positive character for Nietzsche.

Laughter can,

However,

Also have a negative connotation when it is used for the expression of social conflict.

In Laughter,

An Essay on the Meaning of the Comic,

French philosopher Henri Bergson,

Renowned for his philosophical studies on materiality,

Memory,

Life,

And consciousness,

Tries to determine the laws of the comic and to understand the fundamental causes of comic situations.

His method consists in determining the cause of the comic instead of analyzing its effects.

He also deals with laughter in relation to human life,

Collective imagination,

And art,

To have a better knowledge of society.

One of the theories of the essay is that laughter,

As a collective activity,

Has a social and moral role in forcing people to eliminate their vices.

It is a factor of uniformity of behaviors as it condemns ludicrous and eccentric behaviors.

Anthony Ludovici developed the thoughts of Hobbes even further in The Secret of Laughter.

His conviction is that there is something sinister in laughter,

And that the modern omnipresence of humor and the idolatry of it are signs of societal weakness,

As instinctive resort to humor became a source of escapism from responsibility and action.

Ludovici considered laughter to be an evolutionary trait,

And he offered many examples of differing triggers for laughter with their own distinct explanations.

Carlo Abellini examined laughter in an essay published in The New Ideas in Psychology.

He wrote,

We can strip back laughter to a three-step process.

First,

It needs a situation that seems odd and induces a sense of incongruity,

Bewilderment,

Or panic.

Second,

The worry or stress the incongruous situation has provoked must be worked out and overcome,

Resolutely.

Third,

The actual release of laughter acts as an all-clear siren to alert bystanders,

Relief,

That they are safe.

Several non-human species,

Including rats,

Apes,

And dolphins,

Demonstrate vocalizations that sound similar to human laughter.

A smile is a facial expression formed primarily by flexing the muscles at the sides of the mouth.

Some smiles include a contraction of the muscles at the corner of the eyes,

An action known as Duchenne smile.

Among humans,

A smile expresses delight,

Sociability,

Happiness,

Joy,

Or amusement.

It is distinct from a similar but usually involuntary expression of anxiety known as a grimace.

Although cross-cultural studies have shown that smiling is a means of communication throughout the world,

There are large differences among different cultures,

Religions,

And societies,

With some using smiles to convey confusion,

Embarrassment,

Or awkwardness.

Primatologist Signe Pruschoff traces the smile back over 30 million years of evolution to a fear grin stemming from monkeys and apes,

Who often use barely clenched teeth to portray to predators that they were harmless or to signal submission to more dominant group members.

The smile may have evolved differently among species,

Especially among humans.

Smiling seems to have a favorable influence upon others and makes one likable and more approachable.

In the social context,

Smiling and laughter have different functions in the order of sequence in social situations.

Smiling is sometimes a pre-laughing device and is a common pattern for paving the way to laughter.

Smiling can be used as a response to laughter.

It is a signaling system that evolved from a need to communicate information in many different forms.

While smiling is perceived as a positive emotion most of the time,

There are many cultures that perceive smiling as a negative expression and consider it unwelcoming.

Too much smiling can be viewed as a sign of shallowness or dishonesty.

In some parts of Asia,

People may smile when they are embarrassed or in emotional pain.

Some people may smile at others to indicate a friendly greeting.

A smile may be reserved to close friends and family members.

Many people in the former Soviet Union area consider smiling at strangers in public to be unusual and even suspicious behavior or even a sign of stupidity.

A systematic,

Large,

Cross-cultural study on social perception of smiling individuals documented that in some cultures,

A smiling individual may be perceived as less intelligent than the same non-smiling individual,

And that cultural uncertainty avoidance may explain these differences.

Furthermore,

The same study showed that corruption at the social level may undermine the pro-social perception of smiling.

In societies with high corruption indicators,

Trust towards smiling individuals is reduced.

Cheek dimples are formed secondary to a bifid zygomaticus major muscle,

Whose facial strands insert into the dermis and cause a dermal tethering effect.

Dimples are genetically inherited and are a dominant trait.

Having bilateral dimples,

Dimples in both cheeks,

Is the most common form of cheek dimples.

A rarer form is the single dimple,

Which occurs on one side of the face only.

This bifid variation of the muscle originates as a single structure from the zygomatic bone.

As it travels anteriorly,

It then divides with a superior bundle that inserts in the position above the corner of the mouth.

An inferior bundle inserts below the corner of the mouth.

Dimples are analogous,

And how they form in cheeks varies from person to person.

The shape of a person's face can affect the look and form as well.

Leptoprosopic,

Long and narrow faces have long and narrow dimples,

And Ariprosopic,

Short and broad faces have short,

Circular dimples.

People with a mesoprosopic face are more likely to have dimples in their cheeks than any other face shape.

While conducting research on the physiology of facial expressions in the mid-19th century,

French neurologist Guillaume Deschain identified two distinct types of smiles.

A Deschain smile involves contraction of both the zygomatic major muscle,

Which raises the corners of the mouth,

And the orbiculous oculi muscle,

Which raises the cheeks and forms crow's feet around the eyes.

A Deschain smile has been described as smizing,

As in smiling with the eyes.

An exaggerated Deschain smile is sometimes associated with lying.

A non-Deschain smile involves only the zygomatic major muscles.

According to Messenger et al.

,

Research with adults initially indicated that joy was indexed by generic smiling,

Any smiling involving the raising of the lip corners by the zygomatic major.

More recent research suggests that smiling in which the muscle around the eye contracts,

Raising the cheeks high,

Deschain smile,

Is uniquely associated with positive emotion.

The Pan Am smile,

Also known as the Botox smile,

Is the name given to a fake smile in which only the zygomatic major muscle is voluntarily contracted to show malignancy.

It is named after the now defunct airline Pan American World Airways,

Whose flight attendants would always flash every passenger the same perfunctory smile.

Botox was introduced for cosmetic use in 2002.

Chronic use of Botox injections to deal with eye wrinkles can result in paralysis of the small muscles around the eyes,

Preventing the appearance of a Deschain smile.

Reviews

😴😴😴😴😴 I was out in just minutes! Thank you Ben!!!🙏🏼

I thought a reading about laughter would be more funny… but instead it was informative, interesting and boring all at the same time. Ha! You coulda fooled me!!

Need to listen again, I fell asleep too quickly. Thank you, Benjamin.